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第二十二章 标点符号
一、所有格符号(')
所有格符号与s连用表示所有格,例如：
the dog's bone 狗的骨头
the princess's smile 公主的微笑
King Charles's crown 或King Charles' crown查理王的王冠
all the students' books 所有学生的书
the men's jackets 男人的夹克（不规则的复数）
所有格符号用于缩略形式表示字母或数字的省略,例如：
I'm (= I am)
he's (=he is/has)
they'd (=they had/would)
the summer of '68 (=1968) 1968年夏季
所有格符号有时与 's'连用构成字母、数字或省略语的复数,例如：
during the 1960's在二十世纪六十年代
all the MP's所有国会议员
pronounce the r's more clearly把'r'的音发得更清楚些.
二、冒号(:)
冒号用在表示一组或一类的词或连接短语（如as follows, in the following manner）之后,以介绍一系列项目,例如：
His library consists of two books:the Bible and Shakespeare.
他的藏书有两部：《圣经》和莎士比亚的著作.
Proceed as follows: switch on the computer, insert a disk and press any key.
按如下步骤操作：打开计算机开关,插入软盘,然后按任意键.
正式用语中,冒号用在说明或解释主句的从句或短语之前,例如：
The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of week.
花园长期无人照料：里面植物蔓生而且长了杂草.
Note:
分号或句号可代替冒号使用,但逗号不行.
三、逗号(,)
逗号用来分开一系列的词、短语或从句,例如：
If you keep calm, take your time, concentrate and think ahead, you'll pass your driving test.
如果你保持镇定,不着急,集中精力注意前面,你就会通过驾驶测验.
Note:
逗号一般不在and之前使用,例如：
a bouquet of red, pink, yellow and white roses.
一束红的,粉红的,黄的和白的玫瑰花.
逗号经常用于状语从句或很长的短语与主句之间,例如：
When the sun is shining and the birds are singing, the world seems a happier place.
当阳光照耀鸟儿在歌唱的时候,这个世界似乎是一个更快乐的地方.
In the gales this autumn, many trees were blown down.
今年秋天刮了一场又一场大风,许多树被风刮倒了.
逗号用于句首的非限定性动词的从句或没有动词的从句之后,例如：
To be sure of getting there on time, she left an hour early.
为了准时到达那里,她提早了一小时离开.
Worn out by their experiences, the children soon fell asleep.
孩子们在经历这一切之后极度疲劳,很快就睡着了.
逗号用来将一引导性的或转变语气的词或短语（如therefore, however, by the day, for instance, on the contrary)与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
Oh, so that's where it was!
哦,它原来就在那里!
As it happens, however, I never saw her again.
然而事情不凑巧,我自那以后从未见过她.
He is unreliable and should, for this reason alone, be dismissed.
他很不可靠,只这一条理由即可把他开除.
逗号用于插在句中的从句之前,例如：
The fire, although it had been burning for several days, was still blazing fiercely.
虽然一直烧了好几个小时,但火势仍很凶猛.
You should, indeed you must, report this matter to the police.
你应该,说实在的你必须,把这件事向警方报告.
逗号用在进一步说明其前面的名词的非限定性定语从句或同位短语前后,例如：
The Pennine Hills, which are very popular with hikers, are situated between Lancashire and Yorkshire.
宾南山脉位于兰开夏郡和约克夏郡之间,是远足的人所喜爱的地方.
Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain, was first climbed in 1953.
埃佛勒斯峰（即珠穆朗玛峰）为世界最高的山峰,1953年首次有人攀登.
Note:
限定其前面的名词的定语从句前后均不用逗号,例如：
The hills that separate Lancashire from Yorkshire are called the Pennines.
把兰开夏郡与约克夏郡分开的山脉叫宾南山脉.
逗号有时用来分隔由一连词（如and, as, but, for, or）连结的（尤其长的）并列从句, 例如：
He had been looking forward to our camping holiday all year, but unfortunately it rained every day.
一年来他一直在盼望着利用假日去野营,但不幸的是每天都下雨.
逗号用来把附加问句或类似的词或短语与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
It's quite expensive, isn't it?这东西很贵,是吧?
You live in Bristol, right?你住在布里斯托尔,对吧?
四、会话
一般说, 说话的人每换一位时都另起一段,例如：
'You're sure of this?' I asked.
He nodded grimly. 'I' m certain.'
"这一点你肯定?"我问道.
他很有把握地点点头"我肯定."
所有的词和标点符号都放在引号内,例如：
'We must hope,' he replied wearily, 'that things will improve.'
Note:
英国常用单引号：'Help!',美国则一般用双引号："Help!".把一个发言人的长篇讲话分成若干段段落时,每一段的前面和讲话结束时用引号,但中间段落的末尾不用引号.
话语的标志（如he said, she told me, they complained）与所说的话用逗号分开,除非他用了问号或感叹号,例如：
'That,' said Nick, 'is all I know.'
Nick said, 'That's all I know.'
'Why?' asked Nick.
引语内的引语用逗号引导,并且如外面为单引号则放在双引号内,例如：
'When the judge said, "Not guilty", I would have hugged him.'
'法官说“无罪”时,我都想拥抱他了.’
表示犹豫或被打断的话语用破折号或三个点（省略号）表示,例如：
'Pass me -- I mean, would you mind passing me the salt, please?'
His dying words were, 'The murderer was ...'
五、破折号--
在非正式用语中,破折号用来代替冒号和分号,以标出对前面叙述的总结或结论,例如：
Men were shouting, women were screaming, children were crying -- it was chaos.
You've admitted that you lied to me -- how can I trust again?
在非正式用语中,单一或成双使用破折号,以将额外说明,事后的考虑或评论与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
He knew nothing at all about it -- or so he said.
Winters in the Mediterranen -- contrary to what many people think -- can be very cold.
但是,在正式用法中,用括号或逗号代替破折号.
六、省略号...
参见会话部分.
七、感叹号!
感叹号用于句尾表示极大的愤怒,惊异、喜悦或其它强烈感情.
例如：
What wonderful news!多么令人惊喜的消息!
'Never!' she cried. '决不'她大声说.
Note:
在非正式尤其在戏谑语中,有时使用两个或两个以上的感叹号或使用一个感叹号加一个问号.
"You wife's just given birth to triplets.' 'Triplets!?'
‘你妻子刚生下三胞胎.’‘三胎胞!?’
八、句号.
句号用在表示既不是直接引语又不表示感叹的句子的结尾,例如：
I knocked at the door. There was no reply.
句号有时用于缩略语中.如：Jan. 一月; e.g. 例如; a.m.上午.
九、连字符－
连字符可用于复合词：
1.连字符有时用来构成由两个不同的词组成的复合词,例如：
hard-hearted; radio-telescope; fork-lift truck
2.连字符用来构成由前缀和专用名词组成的复合词,例如：
pre-Raphaelite; anti-Nazi
3.连字符用来构成由两个被介词分开的词组成的复合词,例如：
mother-in-law; mother-to-be; mother-of-pearl
4.连字符用来改变由连字符连结的复合词的第一部分,例如：
common to both pre- and post-war Europe
5.连字符用来构成由两个或更多的专用名词组成的用作定语的复合词,例如：
the Reagan-Gorbachev summit
services on the London-Bahrain-Hong kong route
6.连字符用来写出21到99的复合数字,例如：
seventy-three; four hundred and thirty-one.
连字符（尤用于英国）有时用来隔开前缀与后面的词,这个前缀的尾字母与它后面的那个词的首字母为同一元音,例如：
co-ordination; re-elect; pre-eminent
连字符用在一行之末把词断开,例如：
... in order to avoid future mis-
takes of this kind.…
连字符用在两个数字或日期之间,以便包括其间的所有数字或日期,例如：
pp 106-131 从106页至131页
a study of the British economy, 1947-63 1947年至1963年英国经济研究
十、括号（）
括号可用来将额外说明,事后的考虑或评论与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
Mount Robson (12,972 feet) is the highest mountain in the Canadian Rockies.
罗伯逊峰（12972英尺）是洛基山脉在加拿大境内的最高峰.
He thinks that modern music (ie anything written after 1900) is rubbish.
他认为现代音乐（即1900年后创作的所有音乐）都是胡闹.
括号可用来括起相互参照的说明,例如：
This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later works (see Chapter Eight).
这种道德暧昧是莎士比亚晚期著作的一个特征（见第八章）.
括号也可用来括起号码和字母编号,例如：
Our objectives are (1) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (3) to maximize profits.
我们的目标是(1)增加产量(2)提高质量,(3)最大限度地提高利润.
十一、问号?
问号直接用在问句末尾.
例如：
Where's the car?
You're leaving?
但是,在间接问句末尾,不用问号,例如：
He asked if I was leaving.
问号用在括号内表示怀疑或不确定,例如：
John Marston (? 1575-1634) 约翰·玛斯顿(?1575－1643)
十二、引号"" ''
引号用来括起直接引语的全部话语和标点,例如：
"What on earth did you do that for?" he asked.
'I won't go.' she replied.
'Nonsense!'
引号用来使人注意行文中的特殊用语（如技术词汇,俚语,或为产生讽刺的特殊效果而使用的词语）,例如：
Next the dough is 'proved' to allow the yeast to start working.
He told me in no uncertain terms to 'get lost'.
Thousands were imprisoned in the name of 'national security'.
引号用于括引文章,短诗,广播电视节目的名称,例如：
Keat's 'Ode to Autumn'
I was watching 'Match of the Day'.
引号用来括引短的引语或谚语、俗语,例如：
'Do you know the origin of the saying "A little learning is a dangerous thing"?'
‘你知道“肤浅的了解会很危险”这一的谚语的出处吗?’
十三、引语
一条短的引语由逗号与引导词分开,并置于引号内,例如：
It was Disraeli who said, 'Little things affect little minds'.
较长的引语用冒号与引导语分开,并以缩格或隔行的办法与文章的其余部分隔开,例如：
As Kenneth Morgan writes:
The truth was, perhaps, that Britain in the years from 1914 to 1983 had not changed all that fundamentally.
Others, however, have challenged this view...
引语中省略的词或短语用省略号表示：加在引语中的词或短语（如为了使省略后语法保持正确）放在方括号内,例如：
challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years ... had not changed ...'
十四、分号；
分号用以代替逗号,隔开已经由逗号分开的句子部分,例如：
She wanted to be successful, whatever it might cost; to achieve her goal, whoever might suffer as a result.
她希望成功,不管代价如何；她希望实现自己的目的,不管谁会因此遭受痛苦和困难.
在正式用法中,分号用来分隔分句,特别是没有连词连结的分句,例如：
The sun was already low in the sky; it would soon be dark.
太阳已经西沉；夜幕很快就要降临.
He had never been to China; however, it had always been one of his ambitions.
他从未到过中国；但到中国一直是他的抱负.
十五、斜线号／
斜线号用以分开可选择的词或术语,例如：
Take a mackintosh and / or an umbrella.
I certify that I am married /single/ divorced.
在几行诗歌不断行连写时,斜线号用以表示一行的结束,例如：
Wordsworth's famous lines, 'I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills...'
华兹华斯的名句,‘独自漫游似浮云、青山翠谷上飘荡…’
十六、方括号〔〕
方括号用以括起编辑人员的评语,例如：
...constant references in her diary to 'Mr G [ladstone]'s visits'...
她日记中不断提到‘格[拉德斯通]先生的访问’
加在引语中的词或短语（如为了使省略后语法保持正确）放在方括号内,例如：
...challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years ... had not changed ...'
第二十二章 标点符号
一、所有格符号(')
所有格符号与s连用表示所有格,例如：
the dog's bone 狗的骨头
the princess's smile 公主的微笑
King Charles's crown 或King Charles' crown查理王的王冠
all the students' books 所有学生的书
the men's jackets 男人的夹克（不规则的复数）
所有格符号用于缩略形式表示字母或数字的省略,例如：
I'm (= I am)
he's (=he is/has)
they'd (=they had/would)
the summer of '68 (=1968) 1968年夏季
所有格符号有时与 's'连用构成字母、数字或省略语的复数,例如：
during the 1960's在二十世纪六十年代
all the MP's所有国会议员
pronounce the r's more clearly把'r'的音发得更清楚些.
二、冒号(:)
冒号用在表示一组或一类的词或连接短语（如as follows, in the following manner）之后,以介绍一系列项目,例如：
His library consists of two books:the Bible and Shakespeare.
他的藏书有两部：《圣经》和莎士比亚的著作.
Proceed as follows: switch on the computer, insert a disk and press any key.
按如下步骤操作：打开计算机开关,插入软盘,然后按任意键.
正式用语中,冒号用在说明或解释主句的从句或短语之前,例如：
The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of week.
花园长期无人照料：里面植物蔓生而且长了杂草.
Note:
分号或句号可代替冒号使用,但逗号不行.
三、逗号(,)
逗号用来分开一系列的词、短语或从句,例如：
If you keep calm, take your time, concentrate and think ahead, you'll pass your driving test.
如果你保持镇定,不着急,集中精力注意前面,你就会通过驾驶测验.
Note:
逗号一般不在and之前使用,例如：
a bouquet of red, pink, yellow and white roses.
一束红的,粉红的,黄的和白的玫瑰花.
逗号经常用于状语从句或很长的短语与主句之间,例如：
When the sun is shining and the birds are singing, the world seems a happier place.
当阳光照耀鸟儿在歌唱的时候,这个世界似乎是一个更快乐的地方.
In the gales this autumn, many trees were blown down.
今年秋天刮了一场又一场大风,许多树被风刮倒了.
逗号用于句首的非限定性动词的从句或没有动词的从句之后,例如：
To be sure of getting there on time, she left an hour early.
为了准时到达那里,她提早了一小时离开.
Worn out by their experiences, the children soon fell asleep.
孩子们在经历这一切之后极度疲劳,很快就睡着了.
逗号用来将一引导性的或转变语气的词或短语（如therefore, however, by the day, for instance, on the contrary)与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
Oh, so that's where it was!
哦,它原来就在那里!
As it happens, however, I never saw her again.
然而事情不凑巧,我自那以后从未见过她.
He is unreliable and should, for this reason alone, be dismissed.
他很不可靠,只这一条理由即可把他开除.
逗号用于插在句中的从句之前,例如：
The fire, although it had been burning for several days, was still blazing fiercely.
虽然一直烧了好几个小时,但火势仍很凶猛.
You should, indeed you must, report this matter to the police.
你应该,说实在的你必须,把这件事向警方报告.
逗号用在进一步说明其前面的名词的非限定性定语从句或同位短语前后,例如：
The Pennine Hills, which are very popular with hikers, are situated between Lancashire and Yorkshire.
宾南山脉位于兰开夏郡和约克夏郡之间,是远足的人所喜爱的地方.
Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain, was first climbed in 1953.
埃佛勒斯峰（即珠穆朗玛峰）为世界最高的山峰,1953年首次有人攀登.
Note:
限定其前面的名词的定语从句前后均不用逗号,例如：
The hills that separate Lancashire from Yorkshire are called the Pennines.
把兰开夏郡与约克夏郡分开的山脉叫宾南山脉.
逗号有时用来分隔由一连词（如and, as, but, for, or）连结的（尤其长的）并列从句, 例如：
He had been looking forward to our camping holiday all year, but unfortunately it rained every day.
一年来他一直在盼望着利用假日去野营,但不幸的是每天都下雨.
逗号用来把附加问句或类似的词或短语与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
It's quite expensive, isn't it?这东西很贵,是吧?
You live in Bristol, right?你住在布里斯托尔,对吧?
四、会话
一般说, 说话的人每换一位时都另起一段,例如：
'You're sure of this?' I asked.
He nodded grimly. 'I' m certain.'
"这一点你肯定?"我问道.
他很有把握地点点头"我肯定."
所有的词和标点符号都放在引号内,例如：
'We must hope,' he replied wearily, 'that things will improve.'
Note:
英国常用单引号：'Help!',美国则一般用双引号："Help!".把一个发言人的长篇讲话分成若干段段落时,每一段的前面和讲话结束时用引号,但中间段落的末尾不用引号.
话语的标志（如he said, she told me, they complained）与所说的话用逗号分开,除非他用了问号或感叹号,例如：
'That,' said Nick, 'is all I know.'
Nick said, 'That's all I know.'
'Why?' asked Nick.
引语内的引语用逗号引导,并且如外面为单引号则放在双引号内,例如：
'When the judge said, "Not guilty", I would have hugged him.'
'法官说“无罪”时,我都想拥抱他了.’
表示犹豫或被打断的话语用破折号或三个点（省略号）表示,例如：
'Pass me -- I mean, would you mind passing me the salt, please?'
His dying words were, 'The murderer was ...'
五、破折号--
在非正式用语中,破折号用来代替冒号和分号,以标出对前面叙述的总结或结论,例如：
Men were shouting, women were screaming, children were crying -- it was chaos.
You've admitted that you lied to me -- how can I trust again?
在非正式用语中,单一或成双使用破折号,以将额外说明,事后的考虑或评论与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
He knew nothing at all about it -- or so he said.
Winters in the Mediterranen -- contrary to what many people think -- can be very cold.
但是,在正式用法中,用括号或逗号代替破折号.
六、省略号...
参见会话部分.
七、感叹号!
感叹号用于句尾表示极大的愤怒,惊异、喜悦或其它强烈感情.
例如：
What wonderful news!多么令人惊喜的消息!
'Never!' she cried. '决不'她大声说.
Note:
在非正式尤其在戏谑语中,有时使用两个或两个以上的感叹号或使用一个感叹号加一个问号.
"You wife's just given birth to triplets.' 'Triplets!?'
‘你妻子刚生下三胞胎.’‘三胎胞!?’
八、句号.
句号用在表示既不是直接引语又不表示感叹的句子的结尾,例如：
I knocked at the door. There was no reply.
句号有时用于缩略语中.如：Jan. 一月; e.g. 例如; a.m.上午.
九、连字符－
连字符可用于复合词：
1.连字符有时用来构成由两个不同的词组成的复合词,例如：
hard-hearted; radio-telescope; fork-lift truck
2.连字符用来构成由前缀和专用名词组成的复合词,例如：
pre-Raphaelite; anti-Nazi
3.连字符用来构成由两个被介词分开的词组成的复合词,例如：
mother-in-law; mother-to-be; mother-of-pearl
4.连字符用来改变由连字符连结的复合词的第一部分,例如：
common to both pre- and post-war Europe
5.连字符用来构成由两个或更多的专用名词组成的用作定语的复合词,例如：
the Reagan-Gorbachev summit
services on the London-Bahrain-Hong kong route
6.连字符用来写出21到99的复合数字,例如：
seventy-three; four hundred and thirty-one.
连字符（尤用于英国）有时用来隔开前缀与后面的词,这个前缀的尾字母与它后面的那个词的首字母为同一元音,例如：
co-ordination; re-elect; pre-eminent
连字符用在一行之末把词断开,例如：
... in order to avoid future mis-
takes of this kind.…
连字符用在两个数字或日期之间,以便包括其间的所有数字或日期,例如：
pp 106-131 从106页至131页
a study of the British economy, 1947-63 1947年至1963年英国经济研究
十、括号（）
括号可用来将额外说明,事后的考虑或评论与句子的其余部分隔开,例如：
Mount Robson (12,972 feet) is the highest mountain in the Canadian Rockies.
罗伯逊峰（12972英尺）是洛基山脉在加拿大境内的最高峰.
He thinks that modern music (ie anything written after 1900) is rubbish.
他认为现代音乐（即1900年后创作的所有音乐）都是胡闹.
括号可用来括起相互参照的说明,例如：
This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later works (see Chapter Eight).
这种道德暧昧是莎士比亚晚期著作的一个特征（见第八章）.
括号也可用来括起号码和字母编号,例如：
Our objectives are (1) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (3) to maximize profits.
我们的目标是(1)增加产量(2)提高质量,(3)最大限度地提高利润.
十一、问号?
问号直接用在问句末尾.
例如：
Where's the car?
You're leaving?
但是,在间接问句末尾,不用问号,例如：
He asked if I was leaving.
问号用在括号内表示怀疑或不确定,例如：
John Marston (? 1575-1634) 约翰·玛斯顿(?1575－1643)
十二、引号"" ''
引号用来括起直接引语的全部话语和标点,例如：
"What on earth did you do that for?" he asked.
'I won't go.' she replied.
'Nonsense!'
引号用来使人注意行文中的特殊用语（如技术词汇,俚语,或为产生讽刺的特殊效果而使用的词语）,例如：
Next the dough is 'proved' to allow the yeast to start working.
He told me in no uncertain terms to 'get lost'.
Thousands were imprisoned in the name of 'national security'.
引号用于括引文章,短诗,广播电视节目的名称,例如：
Keat's 'Ode to Autumn'
I was watching 'Match of the Day'.
引号用来括引短的引语或谚语、俗语,例如：
'Do you know the origin of the saying "A little learning is a dangerous thing"?'
‘你知道“肤浅的了解会很危险”这一的谚语的出处吗?’
十三、引语
一条短的引语由逗号与引导词分开,并置于引号内,例如：
It was Disraeli who said, 'Little things affect little minds'.
较长的引语用冒号与引导语分开,并以缩格或隔行的办法与文章的其余部分隔开,例如：
As Kenneth Morgan writes:
The truth was, perhaps, that Britain in the years from 1914 to 1983 had not changed all that fundamentally.
Others, however, have challenged this view...
引语中省略的词或短语用省略号表示：加在引语中的词或短语（如为了使省略后语法保持正确）放在方括号内,例如：
challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years ... had not changed ...'
十四、分号；
分号用以代替逗号,隔开已经由逗号分开的句子部分,例如：
She wanted to be successful, whatever it might cost; to achieve her goal, whoever might suffer as a result.
她希望成功,不管代价如何；她希望实现自己的目的,不管谁会因此遭受痛苦和困难.
在正式用法中,分号用来分隔分句,特别是没有连词连结的分句,例如：
The sun was already low in the sky; it would soon be dark.
太阳已经西沉；夜幕很快就要降临.
He had never been to China; however, it had always been one of his ambitions.
他从未到过中国；但到中国一直是他的抱负.
十五、斜线号／
斜线号用以分开可选择的词或术语,例如：
Take a mackintosh and / or an umbrella.
I certify that I am married /single/ divorced.
在几行诗歌不断行连写时,斜线号用以表示一行的结束,例如：
Wordsworth's famous lines, 'I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills...'
华兹华斯的名句,‘独自漫游似浮云、青山翠谷上飘荡…’
十六、方括号〔〕
方括号用以括起编辑人员的评语,例如：
...constant references in her diary to 'Mr G [ladstone]'s visits'...
她日记中不断提到‘格[拉德斯通]先生的访问’
加在引语中的词或短语（如为了使省略后语法保持正确）放在方括号内,例如：
...challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years ... had not changed ...'