语法小结
1. 宾语从句
句子的宾语由一个完整的句子来充当的复合句叫宾语从句.
句型： 主 + 谓 + 引导词 + 宾语从句
eg: He said he would go to Beijing tomorrow. 他说明天要去北京.
I don’t know who borrowed my bike. 我不知道谁借走了我的自行车.
① 连接宾语从句的连词有that,（that在口语中常省略）whether, if和连接代词what, which, who, whom及连接副词when, where, how, why, 学习宾语从句的关键要抓以下几点：
（that- 不担任成份,无词义,可省略；
if- 不担任成份,有词义,不可省略
wh- 担任成份,有词义,不可省略）
② 时态的一致：即主句的时态与从句时态的一致.
宾语从句中如果主句是现在的时态（即指一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时）从句的时态可根据实际情况而定.
eg: I tell him that I will go to Beijing tomorrow. 我告诉他我明天要去北京.
I tell him I bought a new bike yesterday. 我告诉他我昨天买了一辆新自行车.
I have head that he will come. 我已经听说他要来.
宾语从句中如果主句是过去的时态（指一般过去时,过去进行时）那么从句的时态要用相应的过去进态（一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时）.
eg: I knew where he lived. 我知道他住在哪里.
He said he had seen the film. 他说他已经看过电影了.
He asked me if everybody was here. 他问我那里是否有人.
时态补充：
注意：如果从句所表述的是一个客观真理,那么不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,从句的谓语动词一律用一般现在时.
eg: The teacher told us that the sun rises from the east. 老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起.
③ 语序的变化：在宾语从句中,无论从句是陈述名还是疑问句都统统要求用陈述句语序来表达.
陈述句变为宾语从句时,语序不变.
eg: 陈述句：He is an honest man.
宾从：I said (that) he was an honest man.
一般疑问句变为宾语从句时,语序变为陈述句,用whether,if连接.
eg: 一般疑问句：Does he study hard?
宾从：I wonder if (whether) he studies hard.
一般疑问句：Will they be back after 3 hours?
宾从：He asked if they would be back after 3 hours.
特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,语序要变为陈述句语序,保留原句的特殊疑问词,用作引导词.
特殊：What’s your name?
宾从：He asked what your name was.
特殊：Where did you go?
The man asked where you went.
2. 现在完成时
① 现在完成时在初中范围主要是两种用法：其一：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响；其二：表示动作发生于过去并持续到现在.
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：
yet , already , just , recently……
now , today , tonight , ……
since引导的时间状语或时间状语从句.
for构成的表示一段时间的状语.
eg. We have lived in Beijing since I was born .
自从我出生我们就在北京居住了.
He has been away from his hometown for twenty years .
他离开家乡已有二十年了.
—Have you received a letter from your uncle recently ?
—Yes . I got it yesterday afternoon .
你最近收到你叔叔的来信了吗?收到了.我是昨天收到的.
② 一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较：
一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用.而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,因此它不可以和确切的表示过去的时间状语连用.
请比较：
Mr Green has read the book three times .
格林先生已经把这本书读了三遍了.（说明对这本书有印象,有所了解.）
Mr Green read the book yesterday.
格林先生昨天读了这本书.（只说明他昨天看了这本书这一事实,强调看书的动作在昨天发生的.）
③ 有些时间状语如this morning , tonight , this month等,既可用于一般过去时,也可用于现在完成时,但所表达的意义有所不同.用于现在完成时表示包括“现在”在内,而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关.
They have got the message this March .
他们三月已经得知了这个消息.（讲话时仍然是四月份.）
They got the message this March.
他们三月份得知的这个消息.（讲话时四月份已过）.
They have solved two problems this afternoon.
他们今天下午已经解决了两个问题.（讲话时仍然是下午）,
They solved two problems this afternoon.
今天下午他们解决了两个问题.（讲话时下午已过）
三、本阶段日常交际用语小结
Unit 1
--- Excuse me, have you got …?
--- Yes, I have. ( Sorry, I haven’t.)
--- Why don’t you …?
--- Thanks, I will.
--- Thanks a lot. ( Thanks very much.)
--- You are welcome.
--- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I have, once. ( No, never.)
--- I’ve just done…
--- Really?
Unit 2
---What’s …like ?
--- How long have you been…?
--- Since…
--- Have you ever been to…?
--- I’ve never been there. ( None of us has./ Only …has. )
--- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I have, once. ( No, never.)
--- Would you like to have a try?
--- I don’t think I can…
Unit 3
--- How long have you been…?
--- I have been … for…
--- What have you done since…?
--- How long have you been at this …?
--- For…
--- How long has she/ he worked there…?
--- She’s / He’s worked there for… / all her / his life.
Unit 4
--- I’m sorry he isn’t here right now.
--- May I help you?
--- That’s very kind of you.
--- Yes, that’s would be fine/ok.
--- I’ll leave a message on his desk.
Unit 5
---Could we go scuba diving?
--- Could you tell us how long we’re going to be away?
--- Let’s try to find some information about it, OK?
--- Could you please tell me how to search the Internet?
--- Go straight along here.
---Please go to Gate 12.
--- Please come this way.
--- Could you tell me what you think about Hainan Island?
--- That sounds really cool!
四、本阶段词语辨析练习
A. maybe, may be
用maybe或may be填空.
1. _____ he will get the first prize.
2. She _____ the daughter of Mr. White.
3. The meeting will last for three hours _____ .
4. Who _____ your new teacher?
B. borrow, lend, keep, use
中英互译下列句子.
1. 我不想把伞借给他.
2. 这盘录像带你想借多久?
3. 我能用一下你的桌子吗?
4. Jim asked me to lend him my computer.
5. You can use our room.
C. leave, leave for
中英互译下列句子.
1. 他们将于下午五点离开北京.
2. 你的书包拉在图书馆了.
3. She left without saying a word.
4. The bus is leaving for Nanjing.
D. since, for
用since或for填空.
1. He has been disabled ______ he was born.
2. The rain has lasted ______ a whole day.
3. We all admiblack him ______ his will power.
4. You’d better tell her _____ she is wrong.
5. We have begun the experiment _______ 1987.
E. too, also, either, neither
请用too, also, either或neither填空.
1. I agree with you, _____.
2. She doesn’t like her mother, _____.
3. _____ he nor we are League Members.
4. He will _____ give you some good suggestions.
5. You can use ______ of the phones, because both of them are broken.
6. Do you like sandwiches, ______?
F. find, look for, find out
请用find, look for或find out填空.
1. It’s not easy to _____ a job in this city.
2.She ______ her shoes everywhere, but ______ nothing.
3. I_____ English was one of the most important languages.
4. The poor dog is _____ food in the snow.
5.He thought for a long while, and ______ who told a lie.
G. except, besides
用except或besides填空.
1. All the students passed exam _____ me. I’m very sad.
2. Nobody could find the building _____ her.
3. I have another recorder ______ this one. I like both of them.
4. The workers went to the factory at 8:00 _____ uncle Wang, he is ill today.
H. bad, badly
用bad或badly填空.
1. What a _____ day! I have to stay at home.
2. Mr. Smith didn’t go to work because he was ______ ill.
3. They lived in a ______ condition.
4. He ______ behaved in the party.
5. Why did you act so _____ ?
I. die, dead, death. dying
中英互译下列句子.
1. He died in 1879.
2. Let’s help the dying bird.
3. She became quiet after her son’s death.
4. 你奶奶去世有多久了?
5. 那些玫瑰花快要死了.
6. 没有人听说他的死.
五、练习答案
A.
1. Maybe 2. may be 3. maybe 4. may be
B.
1. I don’t want to lend him my umbrella.
2. How long do you want to keep the video tape?
3. Could I use your desk?
4. 吉姆要我把电脑借给他.
5. 你可以用我们的房间.
C.
1. They will leave Beijing at 5:00pm.
2. Your bag is left in the library.
3. 她一言未发地走了.
4. 这趟车即将开往南京.
D.
1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since
E.
1. too 2. either 3. Neither 4. also 5. neither 6. too
F.
1. find 2. looked for, found 3. found 4. looking for 5. found out
G.
1. except 2. except/ besides 3. besides 4. except
H.
1. bad 2. badly 3. bad 4. badly 5. badly
I.
1. 他死于1879年.
2. 我们帮帮这只快死的鸟吧.
3. 他儿子死后她变得沉默了.
4. How long has your grandma been dead?
5. Those roses are dying.
6. Nobody heard about his death. 语法小结
1. 宾语从句
句子的宾语由一个完整的句子来充当的复合句叫宾语从句.
句型： 主 + 谓 + 引导词 + 宾语从句
eg: He said he would go to Beijing tomorrow. 他说明天要去北京.
I don’t know who borrowed my bike. 我不知道谁借走了我的自行车.
① 连接宾语从句的连词有that,（that在口语中常省略）whether, if和连接代词what, which, who, whom及连接副词when, where, how, why, 学习宾语从句的关键要抓以下几点：
（that- 不担任成份,无词义,可省略；
if- 不担任成份,有词义,不可省略
wh- 担任成份,有词义,不可省略）
② 时态的一致：即主句的时态与从句时态的一致.
宾语从句中如果主句是现在的时态（即指一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时）从句的时态可根据实际情况而定.
eg: I tell him that I will go to Beijing tomorrow. 我告诉他我明天要去北京.
I tell him I bought a new bike yesterday. 我告诉他我昨天买了一辆新自行车.
I have head that he will come. 我已经听说他要来.
宾语从句中如果主句是过去的时态（指一般过去时,过去进行时）那么从句的时态要用相应的过去进态（一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时）.
eg: I knew where he lived. 我知道他住在哪里.
He said he had seen the film. 他说他已经看过电影了.
He asked me if everybody was here. 他问我那里是否有人.
时态补充：
注意：如果从句所表述的是一个客观真理,那么不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,从句的谓语动词一律用一般现在时.
eg: The teacher told us that the sun rises from the east. 老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起.
③ 语序的变化：在宾语从句中,无论从句是陈述名还是疑问句都统统要求用陈述句语序来表达.
陈述句变为宾语从句时,语序不变.
eg: 陈述句：He is an honest man.
宾从：I said (that) he was an honest man.
一般疑问句变为宾语从句时,语序变为陈述句,用whether,if连接.
eg: 一般疑问句：Does he study hard?
宾从：I wonder if (whether) he studies hard.
一般疑问句：Will they be back after 3 hours?
宾从：He asked if they would be back after 3 hours.
特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,语序要变为陈述句语序,保留原句的特殊疑问词,用作引导词.
特殊：What’s your name?
宾从：He asked what your name was.
特殊：Where did you go?
The man asked where you went.
2. 现在完成时
① 现在完成时在初中范围主要是两种用法：其一：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响；其二：表示动作发生于过去并持续到现在.
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：
yet , already , just , recently……
now , today , tonight , ……
since引导的时间状语或时间状语从句.
for构成的表示一段时间的状语.
eg. We have lived in Beijing since I was born .
自从我出生我们就在北京居住了.
He has been away from his hometown for twenty years .
他离开家乡已有二十年了.
—Have you received a letter from your uncle recently ?
—Yes . I got it yesterday afternoon .
你最近收到你叔叔的来信了吗?收到了.我是昨天收到的.
② 一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较：
一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用.而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,因此它不可以和确切的表示过去的时间状语连用.
请比较：
Mr Green has read the book three times .
格林先生已经把这本书读了三遍了.（说明对这本书有印象,有所了解.）
Mr Green read the book yesterday.
格林先生昨天读了这本书.（只说明他昨天看了这本书这一事实,强调看书的动作在昨天发生的.）
③ 有些时间状语如this morning , tonight , this month等,既可用于一般过去时,也可用于现在完成时,但所表达的意义有所不同.用于现在完成时表示包括“现在”在内,而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关.
They have got the message this March .
他们三月已经得知了这个消息.（讲话时仍然是四月份.）
They got the message this March.
他们三月份得知的这个消息.（讲话时四月份已过）.
They have solved two problems this afternoon.
他们今天下午已经解决了两个问题.（讲话时仍然是下午）,
They solved two problems this afternoon.
今天下午他们解决了两个问题.（讲话时下午已过）
三、本阶段日常交际用语小结
Unit 1
--- Excuse me, have you got …?
--- Yes, I have. ( Sorry, I haven’t.)
--- Why don’t you …?
--- Thanks, I will.
--- Thanks a lot. ( Thanks very much.)
--- You are welcome.
--- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I have, once. ( No, never.)
--- I’ve just done…
--- Really?
Unit 2
---What’s …like ?
--- How long have you been…?
--- Since…
--- Have you ever been to…?
--- I’ve never been there. ( None of us has./ Only …has. )
--- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I have, once. ( No, never.)
--- Would you like to have a try?
--- I don’t think I can…
Unit 3
--- How long have you been…?
--- I have been … for…
--- What have you done since…?
--- How long have you been at this …?
--- For…
--- How long has she/ he worked there…?
--- She’s / He’s worked there for… / all her / his life.
Unit 4
--- I’m sorry he isn’t here right now.
--- May I help you?
--- That’s very kind of you.
--- Yes, that’s would be fine/ok.
--- I’ll leave a message on his desk.
Unit 5
---Could we go scuba diving?
--- Could you tell us how long we’re going to be away?
--- Let’s try to find some information about it, OK?
--- Could you please tell me how to search the Internet?
--- Go straight along here.
---Please go to Gate 12.
--- Please come this way.
--- Could you tell me what you think about Hainan Island?
--- That sounds really cool!
四、本阶段词语辨析练习
A. maybe, may be
用maybe或may be填空.
1. _____ he will get the first prize.
2. She _____ the daughter of Mr. White.
3. The meeting will last for three hours _____ .
4. Who _____ your new teacher?
B. borrow, lend, keep, use
中英互译下列句子.
1. 我不想把伞借给他.
2. 这盘录像带你想借多久?
3. 我能用一下你的桌子吗?
4. Jim asked me to lend him my computer.
5. You can use our room.
C. leave, leave for
中英互译下列句子.
1. 他们将于下午五点离开北京.
2. 你的书包拉在图书馆了.
3. She left without saying a word.
4. The bus is leaving for Nanjing.
D. since, for
用since或for填空.
1. He has been disabled ______ he was born.
2. The rain has lasted ______ a whole day.
3. We all admiblack him ______ his will power.
4. You’d better tell her _____ she is wrong.
5. We have begun the experiment _______ 1987.
E. too, also, either, neither
请用too, also, either或neither填空.
1. I agree with you, _____.
2. She doesn’t like her mother, _____.
3. _____ he nor we are League Members.
4. He will _____ give you some good suggestions.
5. You can use ______ of the phones, because both of them are broken.
6. Do you like sandwiches, ______?
F. find, look for, find out
请用find, look for或find out填空.
1. It’s not easy to _____ a job in this city.
2.She ______ her shoes everywhere, but ______ nothing.
3. I_____ English was one of the most important languages.
4. The poor dog is _____ food in the snow.
5.He thought for a long while, and ______ who told a lie.
G. except, besides
用except或besides填空.
1. All the students passed exam _____ me. I’m very sad.
2. Nobody could find the building _____ her.
3. I have another recorder ______ this one. I like both of them.
4. The workers went to the factory at 8:00 _____ uncle Wang, he is ill today.
H. bad, badly
用bad或badly填空.
1. What a _____ day! I have to stay at home.
2. Mr. Smith didn’t go to work because he was ______ ill.
3. They lived in a ______ condition.
4. He ______ behaved in the party.
5. Why did you act so _____ ?
I. die, dead, death. dying
中英互译下列句子.
1. He died in 1879.
2. Let’s help the dying bird.
3. She became quiet after her son’s death.
4. 你奶奶去世有多久了?
5. 那些玫瑰花快要死了.
6. 没有人听说他的死.
五、练习答案
A.
1. Maybe 2. may be 3. maybe 4. may be
B.
1. I don’t want to lend him my umbrella.
2. How long do you want to keep the video tape?
3. Could I use your desk?
4. 吉姆要我把电脑借给他.
5. 你可以用我们的房间.
C.
1. They will leave Beijing at 5:00pm.
2. Your bag is left in the library.
3. 她一言未发地走了.
4. 这趟车即将开往南京.
D.
1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since
E.
1. too 2. either 3. Neither 4. also 5. neither 6. too
F.
1. find 2. looked for, found 3. found 4. looking for 5. found out
G.
1. except 2. except/ besides 3. besides 4. except
H.
1. bad 2. badly 3. bad 4. badly 5. badly
I.
1. 他死于1879年.
2. 我们帮帮这只快死的鸟吧.
3. 他儿子死后她变得沉默了.
4. How long has your grandma been dead?
5. Those roses are dying.
6. Nobody heard about his death.